Cystitis Research Today is a free monthly online journal that collates and summarizes the latest research about Cystitis, including details on urinary tract infections, causes, treatment, prevention.

Hemolysin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli evokes extensive shedding of the uroepithelium and hemorrhage in bladder tissue within the first 24 hours after intraurethral inoculation of mice.

Smith YC, Rasmussen SB, Grande KK, Conran RM, O'Brien AD

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.

Many uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains produce both hemolysin (Hly) and cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1), and the loci for these toxins are often linked. The conclusion that Hly and CNF1 contribute to urovirulence is supported by the results of epidemiological studies associating the severity of urinary tract infections (UTIs) with toxin production by UPEC isolates. Additionally, we previously reported that mouse bladders and rat prostates infected with UPEC strain CP9 exhibit a more profound inflammatory response than the organs from animals challenged with CP9cnf(1) and that CNF1 decreases the antimicrobial activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. More recently, we created an Hly mutant, CP9Delta hlyA(1)::cat, and showed that it was less hemolytic and destructive for cultured bladder cells than CP9 was. Here we evaluated the relative effects of mutations in hlyA(1) or cnf(1) alone or together on the pathogenicity of CP9 in a mouse model of ascending UTI. To do this, we constructed an hlyA(1)-complemented clone of CP9Delta hlyA(1)::cat and an hlyA(1) cnf(1) CP9 double mutant. We found that Hly had no influence on bacterial colonization of the bladder or kidneys in single or mixed infections with the wild type and CP9Delta hlyA(1)::cat but that it did provoke sloughing of the uroepithelium and bladder hemorrhage within the first 24 h after challenge. Finally, we confirmed that CNF1 expression induces bladder inflammation and, in particular, as shown in this study, submucosal edema. From these data, we speculate that Hly and CNF1 may be largely responsible for the signs and symptoms of cystitis in humans infected with toxigenic UPEC.

Published 20 June 2008 in Infect Immun, 76(7): 2978-90.
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Articles on Cystitis published 12 May 2008:

Nicotinic signaling ameliorates acute bladder inflammation induced by protamine sulfate or cyclophosphamide.   J Urol, 179(6): 2440-6.

PURPOSE: Nicotinic afferent pathways may be involved in the regulation of bladder inflammation. Based on that hypothesis we investigated the role of nicotinic signaling in a comparative analysis of 2 models of experimental bladder inflammation using protamine sulfate and cyclophosphamide. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Protamine sulfate and cyclophosphamide were used to induce acute bladder inflammation. Nicotinic agonists and antagonists were given concomitant to the bladder inflammatory agents. ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Case-control study of medical comorbidities in women with interstitial cystitis.   J Urol, 179(6): 2222-5.

PURPOSE: We used physician assigned diagnoses in an electronic medical record to assess comorbidities associated with interstitial cystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A computer search of the administrative database at Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon was performed for May 1, 1998 to April 30, 2003. All women with a medical record diagnosis of interstitial cystitis (ICD-9 code 595.1) were identified. These cases were then matched with 3 controls each based on age and duration in the ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Cystitis published 5 May 2008:

Role of cystitis cystica et glandularis and intestinal metaplasia in development of bladder carcinoma.   Urology, 71(5): 915-8.

OBJECTIVES: Cystitis cystica et glandularis (CCEG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) have been suggested to represent precursors of bladder adenocarcinoma. The relationship between these entities and the subsequent development of bladder carcinoma remains unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the association among florid CCEG, IM, and bladder carcinoma. The records and imaging findings of patients with a pathologic diagnosis of florid CCEG and/or IM were reviewed for a concurrent or ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Proteomic techniques identify urine proteins that differentiate patients with interstitial cystitis from asymptomatic control subjects.   Am J Obstet Gynecol, 198(5): 553.e1-6.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in urine proteins between patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) and asymptomatic control (AC) subjects with the use of proteomic techniques. STUDY DESIGN: Nine patients with IC and their age-, race-, and sex-matched AC subjects volunteered a urine specimen. Urine proteins were separated with the use of 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. Differing proteins underwent digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Costs of interstitial cystitis in a managed care population.   Urology, 71(5): 776-80; discussion 780-1.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the direct medical costs, medication, and procedure use associated with interstitial cystitis (IC) in women in the Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) managed care population. METHODS: The KPNW electronic medical record was used to identify women diagnosed with IC (n = 239). Each of these patients was matched with three controls according to age and duration in the health plan. Health plan cost accounting data were used to determine the inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Cystitis published 28 April 2008:

Polypoid/papillary cystitis: a series of 41 cases misdiagnosed as papillary urothelial neoplasia.   Am J Surg Pathol, 32(5): 758-64.

Polypoid cystitis and its more chronic phase papillary cystitis, which results as a reaction to injury to the bladder mucosa, is a benign lesion mimicking various papillary urothelial neoplasms. Analogous lesions occur throughout the urothelial tract and are referred to as polypoid urethritis, polypoid ureteritis, and polypoid pyelititis when present in the urethra, ureter, and renal pelvis, respectively. For simplicity, these lesions in different sites and papillary cystitis will typically be ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Cystitis published 24 April 2008:

Upregulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and CD74, receptor for MIF, in rat bladder during persistent cyclophosphamide-induced inflammation.   Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 233(5): 620-6.

The objective of this study was to determine if macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is upregulated in the bladder during persistent cystitis. MIF is a pro-inflammatory cytokine found pre-formed in the urothelium. Previous findings showed that acute bladder inflammation increased MIF release into the bladder lumen while upregulating MIF and CD74 (MIF receptor) in the bladder. Because the effects of persistent cystitis on MIF and CD74 are not known, MIF and CD74 changes in the bladder ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Cystitis published 14 April 2008:

Urine markers do not predict biopsy findings or presence of bladder ulcers in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome.   J Urol, 179(5): 1850-6.

PURPOSE: We tested for associations between urine markers, bladder biopsy features and bladder ulcers in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were 72 patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome undergoing bladder distention and biopsy. Urine was collected before the procedure. Urine marker levels were correlated with biopsy and cystoscopic findings. Patients with no previous interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome treatments ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

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